Affect & Labor

Authors

  • Guillermina Altomonte The New School for Social Research

Abstract

In this article I review theoretical approaches that attend to the entanglements between affect and labor in late capitalism. I examine the concepts of affective, reproductive, emotional, and intimate labor, with a focus on what each model illuminates and obscures. While recognizing substantial differences among many forms of affective work, I highlight the relocation of the boundaries between production and reproduction, and public and private selves, as essential common themes among them. Bringing affect into labor changes the ways scholars address traditional debates and categories surrounding workers’ consent, alienation, and exploitation. The intersections of insights into labor and affect provide tools to research the contemporary transformations of work and the tensions and alignments between affective investments and political projects of emancipation from capitalist appropriation of labor.

Keywords

Affect, Labor, Capitalism

References

Ahmed, Sara. (2004). Affective Economies. Social Text, 22(2), 117-139. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-117

Altomonte, Guillermina. (2015). Affective Labor in the Post-Fordist Transformation. Public Seminar: https://publicseminar.org/2015/05/affective-labor-in-the-post-fordist-transformation/

Arruzza, Cinzia. (2014). The Capitalism of Affects. Public Seminar: http://www.publicseminar.org/2014/08/the-capitalism-of-affects/#.VTu5dGauRt1

Berardi, Franco B. (2009). The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).

Berlant, Lauren. (1998). Intimacy: A Special Issue. Critical Inquiry, 24(2), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1086/448875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/448875

Berlant, Lauren. (2007). Nearly Utopian, Nearly Normal: Post-Fordist Affect in La Promesse and Rosetta. Public Culture, 19(2), 273-301. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2006-036

Bernstein, Elizabeth. (2010). Bounded Authenticity and the Commerce of Sex. In Eileen Boris & Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Eds.), Intimate Labors. Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care (pp. 148-165). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Bolton, Sharon C., & Boyd, Carol. (2003). Trolley Dolly or Skilled Emotion Manager? Moving on From Hochschild’s Managed Heart. Work, Employment and Society, 17(2), 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017003017002004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017003017002004

Boris, Eileen, & Salazar Parreñas, Rhacel. (2010). Introduction. In Eileen Boris & Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Eds.), Intimate Labors. Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care (pp. 1-12). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Boutang, Yann. (2011). Cognitive Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Burke, Nathaniel B. (2016). Intimate Commodities: Intimate Labor and the Production and Circulation of Inequality. Sexualities, 19(7), 780-801. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460715616948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460715616948

Cabezas, Amalia L. (2011). Intimate Encounters: Affective Economies in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 91, 3-14. https://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9239

Carls, Kristin. (2007). Affective Labour in Milanese Large Scale Retailing: Labour Control and Employees’ Coping Strategies. Ephemera, 7(1), 46-59.

Clough, Patricia T. (2008). The Affective Turn. Political Economy, Biomedia and Bodies. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407085156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407085156

Cobble, Dorothy Sue. (2010). More Intimate Unions. In Eileen Boris & Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Eds.), Intimate Labors. Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care (pp. 280-296). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Coté, Mark, & Pybus, Jennifer. (2007). Learning to Immaterial Labour 2.0: MySpace and Social Networks. Ephemera, 7(1), 88-106.

DeVault, Marjorie L. (1991). Feeding the Family. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dowling, Emma. (2007). Producing the Dining Experience: Measure, Subjectivity and the Affective Worker. Ephemera, 7(1), 117-132.

Dowling, Emma; Nunes, Rodrigo, & Trott, Ben. (2007). Immaterial and Affective Labour: Explored. Ephemera, 7(1), 1-7.

Ducey, Ariel. (2010). Technologies of Caring Labor: From Objects to Affect. In Eileen Boris & Rhacel Salazar Parreñas (Eds.), Intimate Labors. Cultures, Technologies, and the Politics of Care. (pp. 18- 32). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Duffy, Mignon. (2011). Making Care Count: A Century of Gender, Race, and Paid Care Work. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

England, Paula. (2005). Emerging Theories of Care Work. Annual Review of Sociology, 31, 381-99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122317

England, Paula; Budig, Michelle, & Folbre, Nancy. (2002). Wages of Virtue: The Relative Pay of Care Work. Social Problems, 49(4), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.4.455

Federici, Silvia. (2006). Precarious Labor: A Feminist Viewpoint. Lecture. Available at: https://inthemiddleofthewhirlwind.wordpress.com/precarious-labor-a-feminist-viewpoint/

Federici, Silvia. (2011). On Affective Labor. In Michael A. Peters & Ergin Bulut (Eds.), Cognitive Capitalism, Education and Digital Labor (pp. 57-74). New York, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, Oxford, Wien: Peter Lang.

Federici, Silvia, & Caffentzis, George. (2007). Notes on the Edu-Factory and Cognitive Capitalism. The Commoner, 12, 63-70.

Farrugia, David. (2017). Youthfulness and immaterial labour in the new economy. The Sociological Review,66(3), 511-526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026117731657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026117731657

Folbre, Nancy. (1991). The Unproductive Housewife: Her Evolution in Nineteenth-Century Economic Thought. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 16(3), 463-484. https://doi.org/10.1086/494679 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494679

Folbre, Nancy (Ed.). (2012). For Love and Money. Care Provision in the United States. New York: Russell Sage.

Fraser, Nancy. (2013). After the Family Wage: A Postindustrial Thought Experiment. In Nancy Fraser (Ed.), Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis (pp. 111-135). London & New York: Verso Books.

Fraser, Nancy. (2016, July-August). Contradictions of Capital and Care. New Left Review, 100, pp. 99-117.

Fraser, Nancy, & Gordon, Linda. (2013). A Genealogy of ‘Dependency’: Tracing a Keyword of the US Welfare State. In Nancy Fraser (Ed.), Fortunes of Feminism: From State-Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis (pp. 83-110). London & New York: Verso Books

Garey, Anita Ilta, & Hansen, Karen V.. (2011). Introduction. In Anita Ilta Garey & Karen V. Hansen (Eds.), At the Heart of Work and Family (pp. 1-14). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Gill, Rosalind, & Pratt, Andy. (2008). In the Social Factory? Immaterial Labour, Precariousness and Cultural Work. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(7-8), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276408097794 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276408097794

Glenn, Evelyn. (1992). From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 18(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1086/494777 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/494777

Greco, Monica, & Stenner, Paul. (2008). Introduction: emotion and social science. In Monica Greco & Paul Stenner (Eds.), Emotions: A Social Science Reader (pp. 1-21). London: Routledge.

Gregg, Melissa. (2011). Work’s Intimacy. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Gregg, Melissa. (2017, August). From Careers to Atmospheres. Cameo Cuts, 3, pp. 1-12.

Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Encarnación. (2014). Migration, Domestic Work and Affect: a Decolonial Approach on Value and the Feminization of Labor. Women’s Studies International Forum, 46, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848661 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203848661

Hardt, Michael. (1999). Affective Labor. Boundary, 26(2), 89-100.

Hardt, Michael, & Negri, Antonio. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hardt, Michael, & Negri, Antonio. (2011). Commonwealth. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.

Harvey, David. (1990). The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Hemmings, Clare. (2005). Invoking Affect. Cultural Theory and the Ontological Turn. Cultural Studies, 19(5), 548-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380500365473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380500365473

Hirschman, Albert. (1977). The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400848515

Hochschild, Arlie R. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hochschild, Arlie R. (1997). The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41165911

Hochschild, Arlie R. (2002). Love and Gold. In Barbara Ehrenreich & Arlie Hochschild (Eds.), Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy (pp. 15-30). New York: Henry Holt.

Illouz, Eva. (2007). Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Kang, Miliann. (2003). The Managed Hand: The Commercialization of Bodies and Emotions in Korean Immigrant-Owned Nail Salons. Gender and Society, 17(6), 820-839. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243203257632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243203257632

Karppi, Tero; Kähkönen, Lotta; Mannevuo, Mona; Pajala, Mari; and Sihvonen, Tanja. (2016). Affective Capitalism: Investments and Investigations. Ephemera, 16(4), 1-13.

Lazzarato, Maurizio. (1996). Immaterial labor. In Paolo Virno & Michael Hardt (Eds.), Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics (pp. 133-147). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Leidner, Robin. (1999). Emotional Labor in Service Work. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956100106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716299561001006

Leys, Ruth. (2011). The Turn to Affect: A Critique. Critical Inquiry, 37(3), 434-472. https://doi.org/10.1086/659353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/659353

Lopez, Steven. (2006). Emotional Labor and Organized Emotional Care: Conceptualizing Nursing Home Care Work. Work and Occupations, 33(2), 133-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888405284567 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888405284567

Macdonald, Cameron L., & Sirianni, Carmen. (1996). The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work. In Cameron L. Macdonald & Carmen Sirianni (Eds.), Working in the Service Society (pp. 1-26). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Mankekar, Purnima, & Gupta, Akhil. (2016). Intimate Encounters: Affective Labor in Call Centers. Positions, 24(1), 17-43. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3320029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-3320029

McRobbie, Angela. (2010). Reflections on Feminism, Immaterial Labour and the Post-Fordist Regime. New Formations, 70, 60-76. https://doi.org/10.3898/newf.70.04.2010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3898/NEWF.70.04.2010

Mears, Ashley. (2015). Working for Free in the VIP: Relational Work and the Production of Consent. American Sociological Review, 80(6), 1099-1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415609730 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415609730

Mikołajewska-Zając, Karolina. (2016). Sharing as labour and as gift: Couchsurfing as an ‘affective enterprise’. Ephemera, 16(4), 209-222.

Moore, Phoebe V. (2018). Tracking Affective Labour for Agility in the Quantified Workplace. Body & Society, 24(3), 39-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034x18775203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X18775203

Muehlebach, Andrea. (2011). On Affective Labor in Post-Fordist Italy. Cultural Anthropology, 26, 59-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01080.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01080.x

Nishida, Akemi. (2017). Relating through differences: disability, affective relationality, and the U.S. public healthcare assemblage. Subjectivity, 10(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-016-0018-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-016-0018-2

Oksala, Johanna. (2016). Affective Labor and Feminist Politics. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 41(2), 281-303. https://doi.org/10.1086/682920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/682920

Otis, Eileen M. (2016). Bridgework: Globalization, Gender, and Service Labor at a Luxury Hotel. Gender and Society, 30(6), 912-934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243216674919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243216674919

Pugh, Allison J. (2015). The Tumbleweed Society. Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Read, Jason. (2017). Work and Precarity: The Task for a Philosophy of Labor (with Hegel, Marx, and Spinoza). In Imre Szeman, Sarah Blacker & Justin Sully (Eds.), A Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory (pp. 269-281). Cambridge: Blackwell.

Rodriquez, Jason. (2014). Labors of Love. Nursing Homes and the Structures of Care Work. New York: New York University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479843572.001.0001

Schultz, Susanne. (2006). Dissolved Boundaries and ‘Affective Labor’: On the Disappearance of Reproductive Labor and Feminist Critique in Empire. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 17(1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750500505473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10455750500505473

Seigworth, Gregory, & Gregg, Melissa. (2010). An Inventory of Shimmers. In Melissa Gregg & Gregory Seigworth (Eds.), The Affect Theory Reader (pp. 1-25). Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822393047

Sheehan, Patrick. (2019). In Defense of Do What You Love. Public Seminar: http://www.publicseminar.org/2019/04/in-defense-of-do-what-you-love/

Sherman, Rachel. (2007). Class Acts. Service and Inequality in Luxury Hotels. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520939608

Sherman, Rachel. (2015). Caring or Catering? Emotions, Autonomy, and Subordination in Lifestyle Work. In Mignon Duffy, Amy Armenia & Clare Stacey (Eds.), Caring on the Clock. The Complexities and Contradictions of Paid Care Work (pp. 165-176). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813563138-018

Sherman, Rachel. (2017). Uneasy Street: The Anxieties of Affluence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400888504

Snyder, Benjamin. (2016). The Disrupted Workplace: Time and the Moral Order of Flexible Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Place. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190203498.001.0001

Stacey, Clare. (2011). The Caring Self. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801449857.001.0001

Standing, Guy. (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849664554

Steinberg, Ronnie J., & Fligart, Deborah M.. (1999). Emotional Labor Since The Managed Heart. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, 8-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716299561001001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716299561001001

Stoler, Ann L. (2007). Affective States. In David Nugent & Joan Vincent (Eds.), A Companion to Anthropology of Politics (pp. 4-20). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470693681.ch1

Terranova, Tiziana. (2004). Free Labour. In Tiziana Terranova (Ed.), Network Culture. Politics For the Information Age (pp. 73-97). London: Pluto Press.

Thomas, James M., & Correa, Jennifer G.. (2016). Affective Labour: (Dis)assembling Distance and Difference. New York and London: Rowman & Littlefield.

Thompson, Edward P. (1967). Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism. Past & Present, 38(Dec.), 56-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119395485.ch3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/past/38.1.56

Tokumitsu, Miya. (2015). Do What You Love and Other Lies About Success and Happiness. New York: Regan Arts.

Tolentino, Jia. (2017, March 22). The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death. The New Yorker: https://www.newyorker.com/culture/jia-tolentino/the-gig-economy-celebrates-working-yourself-to-death

Uhde, Zuzana. (2016). From Women’s Struggles to Distorted Emancipation: The Interplay of Care Practices and Global Capitalism. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18(3), 390-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2015.1121603 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2015.1121603

Virno, Paolo. (1996). The Ambivalence of Disenchantment. In Paolo Virno and Michael Hardt (Eds.), Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics (pp. 13-36). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Warhust, Chris, & Nickson, Dennis. (2007). A new labour aristocracy? Aesthetic labour and routine interactive service. Work, Employment and Society, 21, 785-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007082887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007082887

Weeks, Kathi. (2007). Life Within and Against Work: Affective Labor, Feminist Critique, and Post-Fordist Politics. Ephemera, 7(1), 233-249.

Weeks, Kathi. (2011). The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries. Durham: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822394723

Wetherell, Margaret. (2012). Affect and Emotion: A New Social Science Understanding. London: SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250945

Wharton, Amy S. (1993). The Affective Consequences of Service Work. Managing Emotions on the Job. Work and Occupations, 20(2), 205-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888493020002004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888493020002004

Wharton, Amy S. (2009). The Sociology of Emotional Labor. Annual Review of Sociology, 35,147-65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115944

Whitney, Shiloh. (2018). Byproductive labor: A feminist theory of affective labor beyond the productive-reproductive distinction. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 44(6), 637-660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453717741934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453717741934

Wissinger, Elizabeth. (2007). Modelling a Way of Life: Immaterial and Affective Labour in the Fashion Modelling Industry. Ephemera, 7(1), 250-269.

Yanagisako, Sylvia. (2012). Immaterial and Industrial Labor: On False Binaries in Hardt and Negri’s trilogy. Focaal - Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, 64, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2012.640102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2012.640102

Zelizer, Viviana. (2005a). The Purchase of Intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Zelizer, Viviana. (2005b). Culture and Consumption. In Neil J. Smelser & Richard Swedberg (Eds.), The Handbook of Economic Sociology (pp. 331-354). New York and Princeton, NJ: Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press.

Zelizer, Viviana. (2010). Economic Lives: How Culture Shapes the Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139364.001.0001

Author Biography

Guillermina Altomonte, The New School for Social Research

PhD Candidate, Sociology Department, The New School for Social Research

Published

2020-07-10

How to Cite

Altomonte, G. (2020). Affect & Labor. Athenea Digital. Revista De Pensamiento E investigación Social, 20(2), e-2322. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.2322

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.