Measuring Gender Equality: Discussions and Insights based on an Indicators System Proposal
Abstract
In this article we present a reflection on research conducted to define a strategic gender equality indicators system. The system was dedicated to monitoring, in a synthetic and comprehensive way, the evolution of this phenomena in the Basque Country. Firstly, on the basis of the relevant literature on the subject, we examine the problems behind the measuring of gender inequality. Secondly, the indicators system is described: its aims, its relation with the existing equality information and evaluation tools and the main features of its elaboration. Finally, we discuss in greater detail what challenges appeared and the theoretical, conceptual and methodological decisions made. We give special attention to showing how we intended to grasp, with indicators, a feminist, broad, political, transformative and context-oriented concept of gender (in)equality.Keywords
Social Indicators, Gender Equality, Evaluation, ReflexivityReferences
IV Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer (1995). Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing. Recuperado de http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BDPfA%20S.pdf
Alfama, Eva & Cruells, Marta (Coords.) (2012). Sistema de indicadores. Igualdad de mujeres y hombres en la CAE. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Emakunde-Instituto Vasco de la Mujer.
Alfama, Eva & Cruells, Marta (2013, marzo). How can evaluation contribute to the Gender Mainstreaming strategy? Ponencia presentada en el 3rd European Conference on Politics and Gender (ECPG). Barcelona, España.
Alsop, Ruth & Heinsohn, Nina (2005). Measuring Empowerment in Practice: Structuring Analysis and Framing Indicators. (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3510, February 2005). Recuperado de http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/41307_wps3510.pdf
Bastia, Tanja (2000). Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators for the Monitoring and Evaluation of the ILO Gender Mainstreaming Strategy (Working Paper). Ginebra: ILO.
Benería, Lourdes & Permanyer, Iñaki (2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited. Development and Change, 41(3), 375-399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01648.x
Bericat, Eduardo (2012). The European Gender Equality Index: Conceptual and Analytical Issues. Social Indicators Research, 108(1), 1-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9872-z
Bericat, Eduardo & Sánchez, Eva (2008). Balance de la desigualdad de género en España. Un sistema de indicadores sociales. Sevilla: Centro de Estudios Andaluce s. Recuperado de http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/economiayhacienda/planif_presup/genero/documentacion/Actualidad23.pdf
Braithwaite, Mary (2005). Gender-sensitive and women friendly public policies: a comparative analysis of their progress and impact. Final Report. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Charmes, Jacques & Wieringa, Saskia (2003). Measuring Women’s Empowerment: an assessment of the Gender-related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure. Journal of Human Development, 4(3), 419-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1464988032000125773
Daly, Mary (2005). Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12(3), 433-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi023
Earl, Sarah; Carden, Fred & Smutylo, Terry (2001). Outcome Mapping: Building Learning and Reflection into Development Programs. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Emakunde (2014). Cifras 2013. Mujeres y hombres en Euskadi. Vitoria: Autor.
European Institute for Gender Equality (s/f). EU indicators for the Beijing Platform for Action. Recuperado el 19 de diciembre de 2014, de http://eige.europa.eu/internal/bpfa/results
European Institute for Gender Equality (2013). Gender Equality Index. Report. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality. http://dx.doi.org/10.2839/9948
Forti, Sarah (2003). Forward-Looking Evaluation of Gender Mainstreaming in UN-Habitat. Evaluation Report 1/2003. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT publications.
Foucault, Michel (1978/1999). Estética, ética y hermenéutica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fraser, Nancy (2008). Escalas de Justicia. Barcelona: Herder.
Fraser, Nancy & Honneth, Axel (2006). ¿Redistribución o reconocimiento? Madrid: Ediciones Morata.
Gobierno de España (2014) Informes de España al Comité para la Eliminación de la Discriminación contra la Mujer, 2008-2013. Recuperado el 19 de diciembre de 2014, de http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CEDAW/Pages/CEDAWIndex.aspx
Gopal, Gita (2005). Evaluating a Decade of World Bank Gender Policy, 1990-99. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2014, de http://ieg.worldbank.org/Data/reports/gender.pdf
Kabeer, Naila (2001). Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment. SIDA Studies, 3, 17-57.
Klasen, Stephan & Schüler, Dana (2011). Reforming the Gender-Related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure: Implementing Some Specific Proposals. Feminist Economics, 17(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.541860
Ley 4/2005, de 18 de febrero, para la Igualdad de Mujeres y Hombres (BOPV del 2.3.2005). Extraído el 19 de diciembre de 2014, http://www.lehendakaritza.ejgv.euskadi.net/r48-bopv2/es/bopv2/datos/2005/03/s05_0042.pdf
Liebowitz, Debra J. & Zwingel, Susanne (2014). Gender Equality Oversimplified: Using CEDAW to Counter the Measurement Obsession. International Studies Review, 16(3), 362-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12139
Lombardo, Emanuela (2005). Integration or Setting the Agenda? Gender Mainstreaming in the European Constitution Making Process. Social Polítics, 12(3), 412-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi022
Lombardo, Emanuela; Meier, Petra & Verloo, Mieke (2009). Conclusions. A critical understanding of the discursive politics of gender equality. En Emanuela Lombardo, Petra Meier & Mieke Verloo (Eds.), The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, bending and policymaking (pp. 186-203). New York: Routledge.
Malhotra, Anju; Schuler, Sidney Ruth & Boender, Carol (2002). Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development. Discussion paper, Gender and Development Group of the World Bank. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2014, de http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/486312-1095970750368/529763-1095970803335/malhotra.pdf
Mayne, John (1999). Addressing Attribution Through Contribution Analysis: Using Performance Measures Sensibly. Discussion paper, Office of the Auditor General of Canada. Recuperado el 9 de diciembre de 2014, de http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/99dp1_e.pdf
Mergaert, Lut; Verloo, Mieke & Bleijenbergh, Inge (2014, junio). Sustainability of gender mainstreaming: the effect of different levels of institutionalization. Comunicación presentada en Conferencia de Primavera de Atgender. Barcelona, España.
Moghadam, Valentine & Senftova, Lucie (2005). Measuring women's empowerment: participation and rights in civil, political, social, economic, and cultural domains. International Social Science Journal, 57(184), 389-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2005.00557.x
Munda, Giuseppe (2004). Social multi-criteria evaluation: methodological foundations and operational consequences. European Journal of Operational Research, 158(3), 662-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00369-2
Munda, Giuseppe (2008). Social multi-criteria evaluation for a sustainable economy. New York: Springer, Heidelberg.
Nussbaum, Martha (2003). Capabilities as fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice. Feminist Economics, 9(2-3), 33-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1354570022000077926
Plantenga, Janneke; Remery, Chantal; Figueiredo, Hugo & Smith, Mark (2009). Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 19-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928708098521
Red2Red Consultores (2010). Sistema estatal de indicadores de género. Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer.
Sadik, Nafis (Dir.) (2006). Evaluation of gender mainstreaming in UNDP. New York: UNDP publica tions. Recuperado de http://web.undp.org/execbrd/pdf/Evaluation%20of%20Gender%20Mainstreaming%20in%20UNDP.pdf
Squires, Judith (1999). Gender and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
UNECE (2010). Developing Gender Statistics: A Practical Tool. Geneva: United Nations. Recuperado de http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/publications/Developing_Gender_Statistics.pdf
Verloo, Mieke (2005). Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12(3), 344-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi019
Verloo, Mieke & Van der Vleuten, Anna (2009). The discursive logic of ranking and benchmarking: Understanding gender equality measures in the European Union. En Emanuela Lombardo, Petra Meier & Mieke Verloo (Eds.), The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality. Stretching, Bending and Policy-Making (pp. 169-185). London: Routledge.
Walby, Sylvia (2005a). Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 12(3), 321-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
Walby, Sylvia (2005b). Measuring women’s progress in a global era. International Social Science Journal, 57(184), 371-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2451.2005.00556.x
Young, Iris Marion (1990). La justicia y la política de la diferencia. València: Universitat de València.
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2014 Eva Alfama, Marta Cruells, Maria De La Fuente
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
