¿Qué nos hace ser individuos? Por un enfoque post-humano, pragmático y relacional
Resumen
La crisis de la idea de sociedad y el giro hacia el individuo como unidad clave de problematización de las sociedades occidentales contemporáneas, de por sí eminentemente individualistas e individualizadoras, han instalado la investigación sobre los individuos y las subjetividades en el centro de las ciencias sociales. Con el interés de contribuir al desarrollo de las herramientas teórico-metodológicas de este campo, en este artículo expongo un enfoque post-antropocéntrico, relacional y pragmático para la investigación de individuos, basado en indagaciones etnográficas multi-situadas y sustentado sobre principios provenientes de sensibilidades post-constructivistas y post-sociales. Como consecuencia de los giros que esta perspectiva comporta con respecto a las aproximaciones convencionales, introduce nuevos ejes de problematización en este campo, contribuyendo a su necesaria complejización. Ilustro mi propuesta con material proveniente de una investigación sobre el individuo emprendedor en Santiago de Chile.Palabras clave
Enactment, Agencia, Prácticas, EmprendedorCitas
Arruda, Arthur (2011). ¿Con cuántos dispositivos se produce una subjetividad? Athenea Digital, 11(1), 195-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v11n1.821
Barad, Karen (2003). Posthumanist performativity: toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 801-831. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/345321
Baszanger, Isabelle, & Dodier, Nicolas (1997). Ethnography. Relating the part to the whole. En David Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative Research. Theory, Method and Practice (pp. 8-23). London: Sage.
Baudrillard, Jean (1983/1994). Simulations. Michigan: Michigan University Press.
Bauman, Zygmunt (2001). The Individualised Society. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Bauman, Zygmunt (2000/2004). Modernidad Líquida. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Beck, Ulrich, & Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth (2001). Individualization. London: Sage.
Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony, & Lash, Scott (1994). Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Boltanski, Luc, & Thévenot, Laurent (2000). The reality of moral expectations: a sociology of situated judgement. Philosophical Explorations, 3(3), 208-231. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13869790008523332
Boltanski, Luc, & Thévenot, Laurent (1999/2006). On Justification: The Economies of Worth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1990/1992). The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Butler, Judith (1997). Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. London: Routledge.
Cahill, Spencer (1998). Towards a sociology of the person. Sociological Theory, 16(2), 131-148. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00047
Callero, Peter (2003). The sociology of the self. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 115–133. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100057
Callon, Michel (1995). Algunos elementos para una sociología de la traducción: la domesticación de las vieiras y los pescadores de la bahía de St. Brieuc. En Juan Manuel Iranzo, Teresa González de la Fe, Cristóbal Torres y Alberto Cotillo-Pereira (Eds.), Sociología de la ciencia y de la tecnología (pp. 259 – 282). Madrid: CIS.
Callon, Michel (2008). Economic markets and the rise of interactive agencements: from prosthetic agencies to habilitated agencies. En Trevor Pinch & Richard Swedberg (Eds.), Living in a Material World: Economic Sociology Meets Science and Technology Studies (pp. 29–56). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Callon, Michel, & Law, John (1997). After the individual in society: lessons on collectivity from science, technology and society. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 22(2), 165-182. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/3341747
Callus, Ivan, & Herbrechter, Stefan (2012). Guest editorial introduction: posthumanist subjectivities, or, coming after the subject. Subjectivity, 5, 241-264. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/sub.2012.17
Deleuze, Gilles (1997/2002). Rizoma. En Gilles Deleuze y Felix Guatari (Eds.), Mil Mesetas: capitalismo y esquizofrenia (pp. 9-32). Valencia: Pretextos.
Dodier, Nicolas (1993). Action as a combination of «common worlds». The Sociological Review, 41(3), 556-571. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1993.tb00077.x
Doganova, Liliana & Eyquem-Renault, Marie (2009). What do business models do?: Innovation devices in technology entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 38(10), 1559-1570.
Durkheim, Emile (1893/2001). La División del Trabajo Social. Madrid: Akal Ediciones.
Elias, Norbert (1938/2009). El Proceso de la Civilización. Investigaciones Sociogenéticas y Psicogenéticas. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Emirbayer, Mustafa (1997). Manifesto for a relational sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 281-317. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/2782992
Espinoza, Juan F. (2010). Start-up Chile. Recuperado de https://estudiosdelaeconomia.wordpress.com/2010/09/21/start-up-chile/
Espósito, Roberto (2011). El Dispositivo de la Persona. Buenos Aires: Ammorrortu.
Foucault, Michel (1973/1994). The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. London: Vintage.
Foucault, Michel (1979/1995). Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison. London: Vintage.
Foucault, Michel (1999). Obras Esenciales Vol. III. Estética, Ética y Hermenéutica. Barcelona: Paidós.
García Selgas, Fernando (2010). Argumentos para una sociología post-humanista y post-social. Athenea Digital, 19, 7-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenead/v0n19.745
Garfinkel, Harold (1967/2004). Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gell, Alfred (1998/2013). Art and Agency: an anthropological theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Giddens, Anthony (1991). Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Giddens, Anthony (1992). The Transformation of Intimacy: sexuality, love and eroticism in Modern Societies. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Goffman, Erving (1959/1972). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. London: Penguin Books.
Hacking, Ian (1999). The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hacking, Ian (2002). Making up People. En Ian Hacking (Ed.), Historical Ontology (pp. 99–114). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Haraway, Donna (1991). Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
Hardie, Iain, & MacKenzie, Donald (2006). Assembling an economic actor: the agencement of a hedge fund. Ponencia presentada en New Actors in a Financialised Economy and Implications for Varieties of Capitalism. Londres, mayo 11-12, 2006, Institute of Commonwealth Studies.
Knorr Cetina, Karin (1997). Sociality with objects. Theory, Culture & Society, 4(4), 1-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026327697014004001
Knorr Cetina, Karin, & Bruegger, Urs (2002). Traders’ engagement with markets: a postsocial relationship. Theory, Culture and Society, 19(5-6), 161-185. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026327602761899200
Lasch, Christopher (1979/1991). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Latour, Bruno (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Law, John (2004/2007). After Method: Mess in Social Science Research. New York: Routledge.
Law, John (2009). Actor Network Theory and Material Semiotics. En Bryan Turner (Ed.), The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory (pp. 141–158). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Law, John, & Singleton, Vicky (2005). Object lessons, Organization, 12(3), 331-355. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508405051270
Law, John, & Urry, John (2004). Enacting the Social, Economy and Society, 33(3), 390-410. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0308514042000225716
Marcus, George (1995). Ethnography in/of the world system: the emergence of multi-sited ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95-117. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523
Martuccelli, Danilo (2007). Cambio de Rumbo: la Sociedad a Escala del Individuo. Santiago: LOM.
Marx, Karl (1867/1975). El Capital. Ciudad de México: Siglo XXI.
Michael, Mike (1999). Reconnecting Culture, Technology and Nature: from Society to Heterogeneity. London: Routledge.
Mol, Annemarie (2002/2005). The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham: Duke University Press.
Mol, Annemarie (2010). Actor-network theory: sensitive terms and enduring tensions. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 50(1), 253-269.
Mol, Annemarie, & Law, John (2004). Embodied action, enacted bodies: the example of hypoglycaemia. Body Society, 10(2-3), 43–62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034X04042932
Oudshoorn, Nelly, & Pinch, Trevor (Eds.) (2003). How Users Matter: The Co-construction of Users and Technologies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rose, Nikolas (1988/1999). Governing the Soul. New York: Free Association Books.
Sennett, Richard (1998/1999). The Corrosion of Character: the Personal Consequences of Work in the new Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Simmel, George (1903/1971). The Metropolis and Mental Life. En Donald Levine (Ed.), On individuality and social forms (pp. 388-402). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Taylor, Charles (1989/2006). Sources of the Self: the Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thévenot, Laurent (2001). Justifying critical difference: which concepts of value are sustainable in an expanded coordination? En Kwok Siu-Tong y Chan Sin-Wai (Eds.), Culture and Humanity in the new millennium: the future of human value (pp. 45–64). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Thévenot, Laurent (2007). The plurality of cognitive formats and engagements: moving between the Familiar and the Public. European Journal of Social Theory, 10(3), 409–423. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368431007080703
Thévenot, Laurent (2009). Governing life by standards: a view from engagements, Social Studies of Science, 39(5), 793–813. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312709338767
Thrift, Nigel (2008). Just don’t know what got into me. Where is the subject? Subjectivity, (22), 82–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/sub.2008.1
Touraine, Alain (2000). Can we live together? Equality and Difference. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Touraine, Alain (2002). From understanding society to discovering the subject, Anthropological Theory, 2(4), 387-398. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14634996020020041001
Wagner, Peter (2002). Identity and Selfhood as a Problemátique. En Heidrun Fiese (Ed.), Identities: times, difference and boundaries (pp. 32–55). Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Wagner, Peter (2009). The Future of Sociology: Understanding the Transformations of the Social (Dipartamento di Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale. Univesitá Degli Studi di Trento. Quaderno 43). Recuperado de http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/4343/
Weber, Max (1905/1975). La Ética Protestante y el Espíritu del Capitalismo. Barcelona: Ediciones Península.
Zelizer, Viviana (2011). El Significado Social del Dinero. Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Descargas
Derechos de autor 2015 Oriana Bernasconi Ramirez

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.