The social networks of cyberfeminism in Spain: identity and action repertoires
Abstract
This article explores the daily activity of the cyberfeminist communities in Spain from the study of social media as spaces for identity formation and repertoires of political action. Starting from the analytical framework of social movements, cyberfeminism and its relationship with technologies, the article tries to understand the use of digital spaces for collective action. From the foundations of virtual ethnography, four reference communities on Facebook are analyzed (according to institutionality and existence of offline base) to assess how discourses against gender violence are articulated, as well as the participation and groupings that coexist in these platforms. As a result, six different effects are identified in the communication of these digital groups, concluding that their deliberative dimension regarding gender violence is scarce and insufficient in the era of Web 2.0.Keywords
Cyberfeminism, Virtual Ethnography, Social Media, IdentityReferences
AcampadaSol (2015). G_Feminismos. Recuperado de: https://madrid.tomalaplaza.net/category/comisiones/g_feminismos/
Acquisti, Alessandro & Gross, Ralph (2006). Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the Facebook. Privacy Enhancing Technologies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4258, 36-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/11957454_3
Androutsopoulos, Jannis (2013). Computer-mediated Communication and Linguistic Landscapes. En Janet Holmes & Kirk Hazen (Eds.), Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide (pp. 74-90). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Baym, Naomi & Markham, Annette (2008). Introduction: Making smart choices on shifting ground. En Annette N. Markham & Nancy K. Baym (Eds.), Internet inquiry: conversations about method (pp. vii-xix). London: Sage.
Beddows, Emma (2008). The methodological issues associated with Internet-based research. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 6(2), 124-139.
Benford, Robert D. & Snow, David A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual review of sociology, 26, 611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
Bennett, Lance (2007). Civic life online. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Boyd, Danah & Crawford, Kate (2012). Critical questions for big data. Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679. https:// https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
Boyd, Danah & Ellison, Nicole B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x
Braidotti, Rosi (2004). Feminismo, diferencia sexual y subjetividad nómade. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Bruns, Axel & Stieglitz, Stefan (2013). Towards more systematic Twitter analysis: metrics for tweeting activities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2012.756095
Butler, Judith (1990). Gender trouble. Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Cammaerts, Bart; Mattoni, Alice & McCurdy, Patrick (Eds.) (2013). Mediation and protest movements. Bristol: Intellect.
Caro, Lucía (2015). Construir y comunicar un “nosotras” feminista desde los medios sociales. Una reflexión acerca del “feminismo del hashtag”. Commons, 4(2), 124-154 https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cayp/article/view/3098
Castells, Manuel (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age. Cambridge, MS: Cambridge Polity Press.
Castoriadis, Cornelius (2013). La institución imaginaria de la sociedad. Barcelona: Tusquets.
Cenicientas (2015). Grupo de Facebook Cenicientas 3.0. Recuperado de: https://www.facebook.com/CenicientasTV?fref=ts
Commscore (2015). Top España Enero 2015. Recuperado de: https://www.comscore.com/esl/Insights/Market-Rankings/Top-20-Espana-Enero-2015
Cook, Julia & Hasmath, Reza (2014). The discursive construction and performance of gendered identity on social media. Current Sociology, 62(7), 975-993. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392114550008
De Lauretis, Teresa (1993). Sujetos excéntricos, la teoría feminista y la conciencia histórica. En Mª Cecilia Cangiano & Lindsday Dubois (Eds.), De mujer a género. Teoría, interpretación y práctica feminista en las ciencias sociales (pp. 73-113). Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina.
DileNoalaViolenciadeGenero (2015). Grupo de Facebook Dile No a la Violencia de Género. Recuperado de: https://www.facebook.com/Dile-no-a-la-violencia-de-G%C3%A9nero-907082259457128/
FeminismosSol (2015). Grupo de Facebook Feminismos Sol. Recuperado de: https://www.facebook.com/FeminismosSol?fref=ts
Fielding, Nigel; Lee, Raymond M. & Blank, Grant (2008). The Internet as a research medium. En Nigel Fielding, Raymond M. Lee & Grant Blank (Eds.), The Sage handbook of online research methods (pp. 3-20). London: Sage.
Fotopoulou, Aristea (2016). Digital and networked by default? Women’s organisations and the social imaginary of networked feminism. New Media and Society, 18(6), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814552264
Gámez Fuentes, María José (2012). Sobre los modos de visibilización mediático-política de la violencia de género en España: consideraciones críticas para su reformulación. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 7(2), 185-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2012.7.2.02
Gámez Fuentes, María José; Gómez Nicolau, Emma & Maseda García, Rebeca (2016). Celebrities, violencia de género y derechos de las mujeres: ¿hacia una transformación del marco de reconocimiento? Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 71, 833-852. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1123
Gerbaudo, Paolo (2016). Social media teams as digital vanguards: the question of leadership in the management of key Facebook and Twitter accounts of Occupy Wall Street, Indignados and UK Uncut. Information, Communication & Society, 20(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1161817
Gerbaudo, Paolo (2017). From cyber-autonomism to cyber-populism: An ideological history of digital activism. tripleC, 15(2), 477-489. https://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/773/1012
Guzmán Ordaz, Raquel & Jiménez Rodrigo, María Luisa (2015). La interseccionalidad como instrumento analítico de interpelación en la violencia de género. Oñati Socio-legal Series, 5(2), 596-612. http://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/443/679
Haraway, Donna (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. New York: Routledge.
Hardt, Michael & Negri, Antonio (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MS: Harvard University Press.
Herring, S. C. (2004). Computer-mediated discourse analysis: An approach to researching online behavior. In: Sasha A. Barab, Rob Kling & James H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for Virtual Communities in the Service of Learning (pp. 338-376). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Himanen, Pekka (2001). La ética hacker y el espíritu del informacionalismo. Barcelona: Editorial Destino.
Hine, Christine. (2000). Virtual ethnography. Sage.
Hine, Christine (2005). Virtual methods: Issues in social research on the Internet. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
Hine, Christine (2015). Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied and Everyday. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Hjorth, Larissa; Horst, Heather; Galloway, Anne & Bell, Genevieve (Eds.) (2017). The Routledge companion to digital ethnography. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Hunt, Scott A.; Benford, Robert D. & Snow, David A. (1994). Identity fields: Framing processes and the social construction of movement identities. En Enrique Laraña; Hank Johnston & Joseph R. Gusfield (Eds.), New social movements: From ideology to identity (pp. 1285-208). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
IAB Spain (2015). Estudio Anual Redes Sociales 2015. Recuperado de: https://iabspain.es/estudio/estudio-anual-de-redes-sociales-2015-completo/
Internet World Stats (2015). Internet World Statistics. Recuperado de: http://www.internetworldstats.com/facebook.htm
Jenkins, Henry (2006). Convergence Culture. Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: New York Press.
Kozinets, Robert (2009). Netnography: Doing ethnographic research online. London: Sage.
Markham, Annette N. & Baym, Nancy K. (Eds.) (2008). Internet inquiry: Conversations about method. London: Sage.
Mattoni, Alice (2013). Repertoires of communication in social movement processes. En Bart Cammaerts, Alice Mattoni & Patrick McCurdy (Eds.), Mediation and protest movements (pp. 39-87). Bristol: Intellect.
Núñez Puente, Sonia (2011). Feminist cyberactivism: Violence against women, internet politics, and Spanish feminist praxis online. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 25(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2011.562964
Núñez Puente, Sonia & Fernández Romero, Diana (2017). Narrativas transformadoras y testimonio ético: las estrategias discursivas de la Plataforma Feminista 7N, Contra las Violencias Machistas. index.comunicación, 7(3), 269-281. http://journals.sfu.ca/indexcomunicacion/index.php/indexcomunicacion/article/view/341
Núñez Puente, Sonia; Fernández Romero, Diana & Rubira, Rainer (2015). Online activism and subject construction of the victim of gender-based violence on Spanish YouTube channels: Multimodal analysis and performativity. European Journal of Women's Studies, 22(3), 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814567002
Núñez Puente, Sonia, Vázquez Cupeiro, Susana, Fernández Romero, Diana & Rubira, Rainer (2012). Una práctica política efectiva de agencia femenina en la Red: praxis feminista online contra la violencia de género en España. Telos: Cuadernos de Comunicación e Innovación, 92, 60-69. Recuperado de: https://telos.fundaciontelefonica.com/archivo/numero092/una-practica-politica-efectiva-de-agencia-femenina-en-la-red
Oliver, Kelly. (2001). Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
ONU Mujeres (2018). Grupo Facebook ONU Mujeres. Recuperado de: www.facebook.com/onumujeres?fref=ts
O’Reilly, Tim (2005/2006). Qué es Web 2.0. Patrones del diseño y modelos del negocio para la siguiente generación del software. Boletín de la Sociedad de la Información: Tecnología e Información. Recuperado de: https://milunesco.unaoc.org/mil-resources/que-es-web-2-0-patrones-del-diseno-y-modelos-del-negocio-para-la-siguiente-generacion-del-software/
Ostrom, Elinor (1990). Governing the Commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Plant, Sadie (1997). Zeros and Ones: Digital women and the new technoculture. London: Fourth Estate.
Poynter, Ray (2010). The Handbook of online and social media research. Sussex: Wiley.
Royal, Cindy (2009). Gendered spaces and digital discourse: Framing women’s relationship with the internet. Saarbrucken, Germany: VDM Verlag.
Ryan, Damian (2017). Understanding digital marketing. London: Kogan Page.Rybas, Natalia & Gajjala, Radhika (2007). Developing cyberethnographic research methods for understanding digitally mediated identities. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3). Art. 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-8.3.282
Sádaba, Igor (2015). Etnografía virtual/digital (EVD). En Manuel García Ferrando, Jesús Ibáñez & Francisco Alvira (Eds.), El análisis de la realidad social: métodos y técnicas de investigación (pp. 455-487). Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Sales, Tomeu (2014). Ciudadanía y cuidados; apuntes para una política feminista democrática. Daimon. Revista Internacional de Filosofía, 63, 159-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/daimon/189751
Sánchez, Juan Luis (2012). ¿Qué caracteriza a los nuevos espacios en los que se deberán mover las ONG para seguir incidiendo en sus mensajes?. En: Coordinadora (2012). #ParadigmáTIC@s. Comunicación y cultura digital en las ONG de desarrollo (pp. 54-61). Madrid: Coordinadora ONG para el Desarrollo España. Recuperado de: https://coordinadoraongd.org/old/1024/original/20120620_140606_culturadigital.pdf
Sevick, Denise & Seltzer, Trent (2009). Dialogic strategies and outcomes: An analysis of environmental advocacy groups’ Facebook profiles. Public Relations Review, 35(3), 317-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.05.002
Song, Felicia Wo (2009). Virtual communities: Bowling alone, online together. Peter Lang.
Statista (2014). Previsión de la penetración de Facebook entre los internautas en España de 2014 a 2018. Recuperado de: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/474784/facebook-tasa-penetracion-prevision-espana/
The Cocktail Analysis (2014).VI Oleada del Observatorio de Redes Sociales de The Cocktail Analysis. Recuperado de: https://www.trecebits.com/2014/11/20/vi-oleada-del-observatorio-de-redes-sociales-de-the-cocktail-analysis/
The Guardian (2014). Facebook: 10 years of social networking, in numbers. Recuperado de: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/feb/04/facebook-in-numbers-statistics
Tilly, Charles & Wood, Leslie (2009). Social Movements, 1768-2012. New York, NY: Paradigm.
Toupin, Sophie (2014). Feminist hackerspaces: The synthesis of feminist and hacker cultures. Journal of Peer Production, 5, 1-11. http://peerproduction.net/editsuite/issues/issue-5-shared-machine-shops/peer-reviewed-articles/feminist-hackerspaces-the-synthesis-of-feminist-and-hacker-cultures
Treré, Emiliano & Barranquero, Alejandro (2013). De mitos y sublimes digitales: Movimientos sociales y tecnologías de la comunicación desde una perspectiva histórica. Redes.com. Revista de Estudios para el Desarrollo Social de la Comunicación, 8, 27–47. http://revista-redes.hospedagemdesites.ws/index.php/revista-redes/article/view/269
Treré, Emiliano & Mattoni, Alice (2015). Media ecologies and protest movements: main perspectives and key lessons. Information, Communication & Society, 19(3), 290-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1109699
Van Dijk, José (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content. Media Culture and Society, 31, 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708098245
VNS Matrix (1991). Manifiesto Ciberfeminista para el siglo XXI. Habitar en (punto) net. Recuperado de: www.2-red.net/habitar/tx/text_vns_c.html
Wajcman, Judy (2004). Technofeminism. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Wood, Helen (2010). From media and identity to mediated identity. En Margaret Wetherell & Chandra T. Mohanty (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Identities (pp. 258-276). London: Sage.
Zafra, Remedios (2014). Un cuarto propio conectado. (Ciber)espacio y (auto)gestión del yo. Madrid: Fórcola Ediciones.
Zafra, Remedios (2017). El entusiasmo. Precariedad y trabajo creativo en la era digital. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Zittel, Thomas (2009). Lost in technology? Political parties and the online campaigns of constituency candidates in Germany's mixed member electoral system. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 6(3-4), 298-311. https://doi.org/10.1080/193316809030488322
Published
How to Cite
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2018 igor sádaba, alejandro barranquero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.